Review of the Related Literature

2.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………..10

2.2. The History of Critical Discourse Analysis…………………………12

2.3. Ideology………….………………………………………………….13

2.4. Ideology and Power ……………..………………………………….15

2.5. Translation and Power………………………………………………18

2.6. Impact of Translation on Representation……………………………21

2.7. Robert Hodge and Gunther Kress on CDA….…………………..…23

2.8. Norman Fairclough on CDA………………………………………..28

2.9 Tenn Adrianus Van Dijk on CDA…………………………………..32

2.10. Farzaneh Farahzad on CDA………………………………………36

2.10.1 Microlevel ……………………………………………………37

2.10.1.1 Vocabulary………………………………………………37

2.10.1.2 Grammar…………………………………………………38

2.10.1.3 Multimodal Elements……………………………………40

2.10.1.3.1Multimodal Discourse Analysis……………………40

2.10.2. Macrolevel……….………………………………………………………41

Methodology

3.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………44

3.2. Restatement of Research Questions………………………………..44

3.3. Type of Research …………………….…………………………….45

3.4. Corpus ………………………………………………………………45

3.5. Procedure …………………………………………………………..45

3.5.1. Data Collection ………………..………………………………46

3.5.2. Instrument and Data Analysis……….……………………….47

3.5.2.1Microlevel………………………………………………………..47

3.5.2.1.1. Vocabulary…………………………………………47

3.5.2.1.2. Grammar……………………………………………47

3.5.2.1.3. Analyzing the Cover pages…………………………48

3.6.1.3.1. Method of Analyzing Cover pages………………48

3.5.2.2. Macrolevel………………………………………………48

3.5.2.2.1. Analyzing Translators’ Judgments…………………48

3.5.2.2.2. Translation Strategies………………………………49

3.5.3. Data Sheet……………………………………………………..49

Results and Discussions

4.1 Overview ………………………………………………….52

4.2 Microlevel Analysis…………………………………………………52

4.2.1 Vocabulary……………………………………………………..53

4.2.2. Grammar………………………………………………………54

4.2.2.1 Passive Transformation……………………………………57

4.2.3. Cover page Analysis ………………………………………….58

4.2.3.1 Analyzing the Cover Page of “Killing Hope, US Military and CIA Interventions since World War II”…………………………….59

4.2.3.2. Analyzing the Cover Page of ”سرکوب امید، دخالت­های نظامی آمریکا و سازمان سیا از جنگ جهانی دوم به بعد” …………………………………62

4.2.3.3 Analyzing the cover page of “All the Shah’s Men, An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror”…………………64

4.2.3.3 Analyzing the cover page of ” همه­ی مردان شاه، کودتای آمریکایی 28 مرداد و ریشه­های ترور در خاور میانه”……………………………………..66

4.3. Macrolevel……………………………..……………………………68

4.3.1. Translator’s Judgments…………………………….………….68

4.3.2. Translation strategies………………………………..…………72

4.3.2.1 ”Killing Hope, US military and CIA interventions since World War II”…………………………………………………………………………72

4.3.2.1.1 Omission Strategy……………………………………74

4.3.2.1.2 Substitution/ Alteration strategies…………………..77

4.3.2.1.3 Explicitation…………………………………………84

4.3.2.1.4 Mistranslation Strategy………………………………86

4.3.2.1.5 Addition Strategy……………………………………87

4.3.2.1.6 Undertranslation Strategy……………………………89

4.3.2.2 “All the Shah’s Men, An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror”…………………………………………………..…90

4.3.2.2.1 Omission Strategy……………………………………91

4.3.2.2.2 Substitution/ Alteration Strategies……………….…97

4.3.2.2.3 Explicitation Strategy………………………………107

4.3.2.2.4 Addition Strategy………………………………..…109

4.3.2.2.5 Undertranslation Strategy………………………….113

Conclusion

5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………….….116

5.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………..……..117

5.3 Pedagogical Implications………………………………………..…118

5.4 Suggestion for Further Research…………………………………..119

Bibliograghy………………………………………………….………120

 

 

 

List of Tables and Images

Tables:

Table 3.1 sample of verb tables………………………………………….49

Table 3.2 sample of strategy tables……………………………………..50

Table 3.3 sample of each case’s table………………………………..….51

Table 4.1 verbs, types of verbs, and USA and its related words as agent in “Killing Hope, US military and CIA interventions since World War II” and ” “سرکوب امید، دخالت­های نظامی آمریکا و سازمان سیا از جنگ جهانی دوم به بعد………………………………………………………………………..56

Table 4.2 verbs, types of verbs, and USA and Britain and their related words as agents in “All the Shah’s Men, An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror” and “همه­ی مردان شاه، کودتای آمریکایی 28 مرداد و ریشه­های ترور در خاور میانه…………………………………………………61

Table 4.3 strategies applied in the translation of Killing Hope, ”سرکوب امید، دخالت­های نظامی آمریکا و سازمان سیا از جنگ جهانی دوم به بعد” ……………73

Table4.4 …………………………………………………………………74

Table 4.5…………………………………………………………………74

Table 4.6…………………………………………………………………75

Table 4.7…………………………………………………………………75

Table 4.8…………………………………………………………………75

Table 4.9…………………………………………………………………76

Table 4.10……………………………………………………………….77

Table 4.11……………………………………………………………….77

Table 4.12……………………………………………………………….78

Table 4.13……………………………………………………………….79

Table 4.14……………………………………………………………….79

Table 4.15……………………………………………………………….80

Table 4.16……………………………………………………………….80

Table 4.17……………………………………………………………….81

Table 4.18……………………………………………………………….81

Table 4.19……………………………………………………………….82

Table 4.20……………………………………………………………….82

Table 4.21……………………………………………………………….83

Table 4.22……………………………………………………………….84

Table 4.23……………………………………………………………….84

Table 4.24……………………………………………………………….85

Table 4.25……………………………………………………………….86

Table 4.26……………………………………………………………….86

Table 4.27……………………………………………………………….87

Table 4.28……………………………………………………………….88

Table 4.29……………………………………………………………….88

Table 4.30……………………………………………………………….89

Table 4.31……………………………………………………………….90

Table 4.32……………………………………………………………….91

Table 4.33……………………………………………………………….92

Table 4.34……………………………………………………………….92

Table 4.35……………………………………………………………….93

Table 4.36……………………………………………………………….96

Table 4.37……………………………………………………………….96

Table 4.38……………………………………………………………….97

Table 4.39……………………………………………………………….98

Table 4.40……………………………………………………………….99

Table 4.41……………………………………………………………….99

Table 4.42………………………………………………………………100

Table 4.43………………………………………………………………100

Table 4.44………………………………………………………………101

Table 4.45………………………………………………………………101

Table 4.46………………………………………………………………101

Table 4.47………………………………………………………………102

Table 4.48………………………………………………………………102

Table 4.49………………………………………………………………103

Table 4.50………………………………………………………………103

Table 4.51………………………………………………………………104

Table 4.52………………………………………………………………104

Table 4.53………………………………………………………………105

Table 4.54………………………………………………………………105

Table 4.55………………………………………………………………106

Table 4.56………………………………………………………………106

Table 4.57………………………………………………………………107

Table 4.58………………………………………………………………108

Table 4.59………………………………………………………………108

Table 4.60………………………………………………………………109

Table 4.61………………………………………………………………109

Table 4.62………………………………………………………………110

Table 4.63………………………………………………………………110

Table 4.64………………………………………………………………111

Table 4.65………………………………………………………………111

Table 4.66………………………………………………………………113

Table 4.67………………………………………………………………113

Table 4.68………………………………………………………………114

Table 4.69………………………………………………………………114

Images

Image 4.1 cover page of “Killing Hope”………………………………..59

Image 4.2- Cover Page of “سرکوب امید”………………………………….62

Image 4.3- Cover Page of “All the Shah’s Men”………………………..64

Image 4.4- cover page of ” همه­ی مردان شاه”………………………………66

List of Abbreviations:

CDA: Critical Discourse Analysis

CL: Critical Linguistics

ST: Source Text

TS: Translation Studies

TT: Target Text