iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iv
List of Tables
vii
List of Figures
viii
CHAPTER I Background and Purpose
1.1
Introduction………………………………
1
1.2
Statement of the Problem………………………
9
1.3
Statement of the Research Question………………
13
1.4
Statement of the Research Hypotheses………………
13
1.5
Definition of Key Terms…………………
13
1.5.1
Teacher’s Self-Efficacy………………………….
13
1.5.2
Personality Types………………………
14
1.5.3
Individuation………………………
14
1.6
Significance of the Study……………………
15
1.7
Limitations and Delimitations of the Study……………
16
1.7.1
Limitations…………………
16
1.7.2
Delimitation………………………
18
CHAPTER II Review of the Related Literature
2.1
Introduction……………………………
19
2.2
Personality Types……………………………………
19
2.2.1
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)…………………..
23
2.2.2
Related Researches on Teachers’ Personality…………
28
2.2.3
Conceptual Framework…………….
33
2.3
Self-Efficacy…………………
34
CHAPTER III
CHA II Methodology
3.1
Introduction……………………………………
45
3.2
Participants…………………………………..
45
3.3
Instrumentation…………………………………………………
46
3.3.1
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)……………………
46
3.3.2
Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale………………………
49
3.4
Procedure……………………………………………..
50
3.5
Research Design…………………………..
51
3.6
Statistical Analysis…………………
51
CHAPTER IV Data Analysis and Discussion
4.1
Introduction…………………………………
53
4.2
Restatement of the Hypotheses………………
53
4.3
Data Analyses……………………………………………
54
4.3.1
Descriptive Statistics……………………………………
54
4.3.1.1
Descriptive Statistics of the MBTI Questionnaire………
55
4.3.1.2
Descriptive Statistics of the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire……
56
4.3.2
Inferential Statistics…………………………
59
4.4
Discussion……………………………
64
CHAPTER V Conclusions and Pedagogical Implications
5.1
Introduction………………….
70
5.2
Restatement of the Hypotheses……………………..
71
5.3
Summary of the Research Findings…………
72
5.4
Conclusion…………………………….
74
5.5
Pedagogical Implications………
76
5.6
Suggestion for Further Research…
78
5.7
Concluding Remarks……
79
REFERENCES
REFERE
80
APPENDICES
Appendices
Appendix A…………………
90
Appendix B……………………………………………
103
LIST OFTABLES
Table 2.1 Jungian Personality Factors Measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator…26
Table 2.2 Teacher Type Descriptions (Adapted from Myers et al., 1998)…………… 27
Table 4.1 The Number of Teachers in Each Personality Type…………55
Table 4.2 The Number of Teachers in Each Binary Personality Type………56
Table 4.3 Reliability of the MBTI Questionnaire………………………56
Table 4.4 Reliability Estimate of the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire………………56
Table 4.5 Descriptive Statistics for Extrovert and Introvert Teachers……………57
Table 4.6 Descriptive Statistics for iNtuitive and Sensing Teachers……………57
Table 4.7 Descriptive Statistics for Feeling and Thinking Teachers……………58
Table 4.8 Descriptive Statistics for Perceiving and Judging Teachers………………58
Table 4.9 Independent Samples t-test for Extrovert and Introvert EFL Teachers’ Self- Efficacy………………………………………………………………60
Table 4.10 Independent Samples t-test for Sensing and iNtuitive EFL Teachers’ Self-Efficacy ………………………………………………………………………61
Table 4.11 Independent Samples t-test for Thinking and Feeling EFL Teachers’ Self-Efficacy ……………………………………………………………………62
Table 4.12 Independent Samples t-test for Judging and Perceiving EFL Teachers’ Self- Efficacy………………………………………………………………………………64
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Jung’s classification of psychological types (adopted from Jung, 1971)……………….22
Figure 2.2 Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………………………………34
Figure 2.3Bandura’s Theory of Self-Efficacy………………………………………………………..44
CHAPTER I
Background and Purpose
1.1Introduction
There is a general concern about the quality of education all over the world and all the countries are looking for qualified educators and effective teachers. Undoubtedly, the impact of education is derived primarily from the quality it owns. Many indicators, namely the quality of the materials, students’ and teachers’ motivation , the educational environment, students’ aptitudes, teaching methods and teachers’ personality types among many other determinants pave the way to better education (Henson & Chambers, 2003 ; Kalayci, 2009; Sadker & Sadker, 2000). This concern is perhaps more central for teachers; “Most teachers do not want to be just good teachers, they want to be great teachers” (Nwrel, 2001; as cited in Strong, 2007, p. 1).
In essence, effective teachers have a constant impact on students’ lives. Teacher effectiveness is a concept which has been defined in terms of high performance based on elements rating from supervisors, comments from students or administrators, students’ achievements, and teachers’ image of themselves. Moreover, teachers are the representative of their subject matters, schools and more importantly the way they view themselves. The way they teach and present themselves make an impression on administrators, parents, and students as well (Strong. 2007). Effective teaching is best accompanied when effective learning occurs (Muijs & Reynolds, 2005).
As Adkins (2006) quotes himself effective teaching has a crucial role in academic achievement. It is difficult to specify exactly what outcomes indicate teacher effectiveness; hence, there are varieties of variables that teachers cannot control (Strong, 2007). Nunn and Jants (2009) noted that successful teachers are those who are proficient and are able to deal with educational and behavioral problems that occur in their classrooms. Moreover, it is the teachers’ job to manage and run the learning environment presented in schools. In fact, a teacher should be knowledgeable, skillful, and competent enough to be able to teach effectively, and at the same time believe in his/her abilities (Fox, 2005).
The most effective teachers, on the other hand, are defined as those who engage students academically while connecting with them emotionally in ways that create remarkable differences in both experience and results for their students (Waddell, 2009). Sadker and Sadker (2000) believe that there is little evidence regarding specific skills that result in good teaching. Hence, there have been some insights into it. They categorize those factors as allocated time on academic content, good classroom management and planning, and the pedagogical cycle that describes the interaction between the teacher and students’ cooperative learning.
Teachers’ achievements, success, and satisfaction in their teaching experiences can result from a variety of factors. Brown (2007) believes that personality factors such as affective indicators (self-esteem, self-efficacy, inhibition, anxiety, empathy, and extroversion), motivation, and personality types play key roles in the process of language learning and teaching.
Teachers, on the whole, attempt to understand and apply a wide range of techniques when teaching their students. Their preferred teaching styles and personality types may influence the techniques they make use of. When teachers challenge to examine and interpret their teaching styles and the dynamism behind it, they explore their inner selves. Their preferences for a given “function” are their characteristics, and so they might be “typed” by these preferences (Jung, 1971, p. 23).
Some scholars such as Cooper (2001), Tschannen-Moran (1998), Zhang (2007), Yilmaz and Çavaş (2008), Rahimi and Nabilou (2010), Tschannen-Moran and Woolfolk Hoy (2001), and Kennedy (1991) are in the belief that Teachers’ teaching styles are respectively associated with teachers’ personality, their content knowledge, their behavior in the class, how they manage their classes, the context of teaching, self-efficacy and locus of control. Teachers’ confidence in their ability to perform the actions that lead to student learning (i.e., teachers’ self-efficacy) is one of the few individual characteristics that reliably predicts teacher practice and student outcomes (Ross, 1994; Woolfolk & Hoy, 1990).
To assess the personality types, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is known to be amongst the most popular measures. It is the most widely used personality type assessment in organizations (Myers, McCaulley, Quenk, & Hammer, 1998). The aforesaid indicator is utilized to analyze and interpret a wide range of activities incorporating career, counseling, communication and situation in which cooperation and teamwork are taken into consideration. It is to note that the indicator is used in education as well, so as to analyze and compare the education system, teachers, and students.
MBTI was inspired by and devised based on Jung’s theory of personality type, which, in actual fact, introduced four basic psychic functions. The mentioned functions are capable of becoming conscious: Intuition, Sensation, Feeling and Thinking. He maintained that differences found in behaviors were because of inborn tendencies to make use of minds in diverse ways, leading to patterns of behavior (Myers, 1998). The indicator was developed over a 20-year period of research by Isabel Myers and her mother, Katherine Briggs. It is a self-report, paper and pencil assessment of style preferences. It does not measure personality characteristics or pathology, but rather characterizes people by their natural preferences (Myers, McCaulley, Quenk, & Hammer, 1998).
Wheeler (2001) is in the belief that: “MBTI classifies each person into one of the 16 personality types by first identifying each individuals four preferences; i.e., whether the person prefers E or I, S or N, T or F, and J or P”. He then continues: “the four preferences are then combined into the personality type via a four-way interaction. Thus, the test is primarily a sorting indicator that categorizes each participant into a personality type based on the results obtained from four bipolar scales” (p. 7).
Another subject of concern is what Jung (1971) raised as individuation. In actual fact it is the process which differentiates individuals from the general, collective society or group. Accordingly, people come to see their similarities and differences.
Meier (1986) states that, “Jung’s most important contribution to psychology was the discovery and practice of the process of individuation”. He then continues “individuation begins and ends with typology” (p. 242). Jung (1971) held that “It is not a physiognomy and not an anthropological system, but a critical psychology dealing with the organization and delimitation of psychic process that can be shown to be typical” (p. 15). In fact, he aimed at describing individual types of the personality, explaining individual differences of cognition and different ways to express personality through utilization of the psychic functions of intuition, sensation, and thinking, along with the attitudinal types of introversion and extraversion. As Jung (1971) quoted himself, “since every man, as a relatively stable being possesses all the basic psychological functions, it could be a psychological necessity with a view to perfect adaption that he should also employ them in equal measure” (p. 19).
Apparently, through individuation he made an endeavor to differentiate and explain the four functions and the attitudinal types of introversion and extraversion. However, he did not attempt to present a model of how the mentioned functions would appear in the beginning psyche of an individual. Accordingly, such a model would contribute to psychology’s understanding of the individuation process, particularly the beginning of human life.
It has always been of great interest to focus on the ways people behave or think. These items have had direct consequences on those people around them. As a result, there is a general social interest to understand different behaviors, beliefs, and personality types, and to predict them accordingly.
According to Myers (1993), people are born with tendencies that make their behaviors different from one another; subsequently, they use their minds in different ways. At the same time as people act on these tendencies to use their minds, they develop patterns of behavior called personality types. The issue of personality assessment has a long history in different fields.
Thornton, Peltier and Hill (2005) maintain that in case there is an appropriate selection procedure for pre-service teachers, the quality of new teachers could be improved. Bearing personality in mind, more restrictive requirements could be set in the decision made. However, it is difficult to define personality itself. As Allport (as cited in Lanyan & Goodstein, 1999) puts in, “personality is an abstraction for those enduring characteristics of the person that are significant for his or her interpersonal behavior” (p. 45).
According to Thornton, Peltier, and Hill (2005), those people who have a certain personality type seem to have common characteristics similar to the members of their own type and group than another group. People in one group think and act in a similar way while their behavior and way of thinking is different from those in other groups.
What is more, as individuals grow and develop, they also improve certain patterns of behavior and attitudes that indicate their personality type. As noted by Akbari, “while all educators have become conscious of the role personality and affect play in students’ learning outcomes and performance, teachers’ personality is a missing variable in most of the discussions on professional development” (2007, p. 201). He further maintains that, “Like students, teachers can be slaves to their personalities, responding in emotional terms to events that might appear of a cognitive nature” (p.201).
Another subject of great concern, which has always been of obvious interest to researchers, is self-efficacy, specifically teachers’ self-efficacy. It is, in essence, a criterion through which a teacher can measure his or her ability to provide the students with learning (Tschannen-Moran & Woolfolk Hoy, 2001). Bandura (1997) is in the belief that self-efficacy is a set of beliefs about one`s ability to “organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainment” (p.3). Tschannen- Moran and Woolfolk (2001) asserted that teaching efficacy was a broad spectrum, which could be divided into efficacy in classroom management, student engagement, and instructional strategies. The aforementioned theory of perceived self-efficacy is grounded in one’s belief of his/her capabilities. That is to mention that it can affect every aspect of one’s life.
As Bandura (1977) quoted himself, “We find that people’s beliefs about their efficacy affect the sorts of choices they make in very significant ways. In particular, it affects their levels of motivation and perseverance in the face of obstacles”. He then continued “Most success requires persistent effort, so low self-efficacy becomes a self-limiting process. In order to succeed, people need a sense of self-efficacy, strung together with resilience to meet the inevitable obstacles and inequities of life” (pp. 191-215).
