1-2- بیان مسأله

2

1-3- اهداف پژوهش

3

1-3-1- هدف کلی

3

1-3-2- اهداف اختصاصی پژوهش

3

1-4- ضرورت و اهمیت پژوهش

4

1-5- تعاریف عملیاتی و مفهومی

5

1-6- پرسش های اساسی

7

1-7- متغیرهای پژوهش

7

1-8- فرضیه پژوهش

8

1-9- محدودیت های پژوهش

8

فصل دوم: مبانی نظری پژوهش

2-1-مقدمه

9

2-2- مبانی نظری پژوهش

9

2-2-1- سازماندهی اطلاعات

9

2-2-2- نمایه

10

2-2-3- هدف نمایه

11

2-2-4- انواع نمایه

12

2-2-5- اندازه و جزئیات نمایه

13

2-2-6- کیفیت نمایه

13

2-2-7- نمایه سازی

14

2-2-8- یکدستی در نمایه سازی

14

2-2-9- زبان نمایه سازی

15

 

2-2-10- انواع زبان های نمایه سازی	15
2-2-10-1- زبان طبیعی	16
2-2-10-2- زبان نمایه سازی آزاد	17
2-2-10-3- زبان کنترل شده	17
2-2-11- زبان جامعه پزشکی و آشفتگی ها و نابسامانی های آن	17
2-2-12- مستندسازی	18
2-2-13- مهم ترین ابزارهای مستندسازی	19
2-2-14- اصطلاحنامه	20
2-2-15- تاریخچه اصطلاحنامه	21
2-2-16- هدف اصطلاحنامه	22
2-2-17- ویژگی های مهم ا صطلاحنامه	22
2-2-18- انواع اصطلاحنامه	24
2-2-19- اصطلاحنامه پزشکی فارسی	25
2-2-19-1- نمایه های موجود در اصطلاحنامه پزشکی فارسی	25
2-2-19-2- شکل ارائه اصطلاحات در اصطلاحنامه پزشکی فارسی	27
2-3- پیشینه پژوهش	28
2-3-1- پیشینه پژوهش در ایران	28
2-3-2- پیشینه پژوهش در خارج از ایران	33
2-4- استنتاج کلی ازپیشینه ها	36
فصل سوم: روش شناسی پژوهش
3-1-مقدمه	37
	37
	40
گردآوری اطلاعات	40
3-5- تجزیه و تجلیل یافته ها	40
فصل چهارم: یافته­های پژوهش
4-1-مقدمه	41
4-2- یافتههای پژوهش	41

 

4-3- پاسخ به پرسش های اساسی پژوهش	48
4-4- تأیید یا رد فرضیه پژوهش	53
فصل پنجم: تجزیه و تحلیل یافته ها و نتیجه­گیری
5-1-مقدمه	54
5-2- تجزیه و تحلیل یافته ها	54
5-3- نتیجه گیری نهایی	60
5-4- استنتاج کلی ازپیشینه ها و مقایسه آن با پژوهش حاضر	61
5-5- پیشنهادات پژوهش	65
5-6- پیشنهاد برای پژوهش های آتی	66
منابع و مآخذ	67
پیوست
چکیده انگلیسی

 

عنوان	صفحه
جدول (4-1) توزیع فراوانی پژوهش ها به تفکیک نوع پژوهش (طرح و پایان نامه)	41
جدول (4-2) توزیع فراوانی انواع کلیدواژه ها بر حسب کیفیت آن (میزان انطباق با اصطلاحنامه پزشکی فارسی)	42
جدول (4-3) توزیع فراوانی پژوهش ها بر حسب تعداد کلیدواژه های پیشنهادشده	43
جدول (4-4) توزیع فراوانی انواع پژوهش ها به تفکیک شوراهای پژوهشی محل تصویب	44
جدول (4-5) توزیع فراوانی انواع پژوهش ها به تفکیک سال	45
جدول (4-6) توزیع فراوانی پایان نامه ها به تفکیک رشته و مقطع تحصیلی دانشجویان	46
جدول (4-7) توزیع فراوانی طرح ها به تفکیک وضعیت علمی مجری اول طرح تحقیقاتی	47
جدول (4-8) میانگین میزان انطباق واژه های نمایه ای با اصطلاحنامه پزشکی فارسی بر حسب نوع پژوهش	48
جدول (4-9) میانگین میزان انطباق واژه های نمایه ای پایان نامه ها با اصطلاحنامه پزشکی فارسی برحسب رشته و مقطع تحصیلی دانشجو	49
جدول (4-10) میانگین میزان انطباق واژه های نمایه ای طرح ها با اصطلاحنامه پزشکی فارسی برحسب وضعیت علمی مجری اول	50
جدول (4-11) میانگین میزان انطباق واژه های نمایه ای با اصطلاحنامه پزشکی فارسی بر حسب شوراهای پژوهشی تصویب کننده	51
جدول (4-12) میانگین میزان انطباق واژه های نمایه ای با اصطلاحنامه پزشکی فارسی بر حسب سال	52

 

 

عنوان	صفحه
نمودار (4-1) درصد فراوانی انواع کلیدواژه ها بر حسب کیفیت آن ( میزان انطباق با اصطلاحنامه پزشکی فارسی)	42
نمودار (4-2) توزیع فراوانی انواع پژوهش ها به تفکیک شوراهای محل تصویب	44
نمودار (4-3) توزیع فراوانی انواع پژوهش ها به تفکیک سال	45
نمودار (4-4) درصد فراوانی پایان نامه ها به تفکیک رشته و مقطع تحصیلی دانشجویان	46
نمودار (4-5) درصد فراوانی طرح ها به تفکیک وضعیت علمی مجری اول طرح پژوهشی	47

 

 

 

چکیده

هدف: اطلاعات با شیوه های مختلفی چون فهرستنویسی و نمایه سازی سازماندهی می شوند. اصطلاحنامه ها بعنوان ابزار نمایه سازی به کار می روند. یکی از این اصطلاحنامه ها، اصطلاحنامه پزشکی فارسی است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر « تعیین میزان انطباق واژه های نمایه ای پایان نامه ها و طرح های تحقیقاتی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد با اصطلاحنامه پزشکی فارسی طی سال های 82 الی 87 » است.

روش شناسی: جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل 2670 کلیدواژه برگرفته از 213 طرح تحقیقاتی و 551 پایان نامه است. روش پژوهش حاضر پیمایشی تحلیلی و ابزار گردآوری داده ها چک لیستی تهیه شده توسط محقق است.

یافته ها: نتایج نشان دهنده 89/20 درصد کلیدواژه مطابق با استاندارد، 45/77 درصد کلیدواژه نامطابق با استاندارد و 64/1 درصد کلیدواژه اعلام است. 8 درصد از کلیدواژه های نامطابق با استاندارد کلیدواژه های با املای نادرست بودند. یافته ها نشان دهنده تفاوت معنی دار بین میزان انطباق واژه های نمایه ای پژوهش ها با اصطلاحنامه پزشکی فارسی و متغیرهایی چون سال و شورای پژوهشی تصویب کننده پژوهش بودند. همچنین بین میزان انطباق واژه های نمایه ای پایان نامه ها با اصطلاحنامه پزشکی فارسی و رشته و مقطع تحصیلی دانشجو و بین میزان انطباق واژه های نمایه ای طرح ها با اصطلاحنامه پزشکی فارسی و وضعیت علمی مجری اول آنها رابطه وجود دارد ولی از نظر میزان انطباق بین پایان نامه ها و طرح ها تفاوتی مشاهده نشد.

نتایج: نتایج، لزوم توجه به امر استانداردسازی نمایه ها بر مبنای اصطلاحنامه پزشکی فارسی را نشان داد. در نهایت پیشنهاداتی جهت بهبود وضعیت موجود ارائه شد.

کلیدواژه ها:مستندسازی کلیدواژه ها، پایان نامه های دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد، طرح های دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد

Review of the Related Literature

2.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………..10

2.2. The History of Critical Discourse Analysis…………………………12

2.3. Ideology………….………………………………………………….13

2.4. Ideology and Power ……………..………………………………….15

2.5. Translation and Power………………………………………………18

2.6. Impact of Translation on Representation……………………………21

2.7. Robert Hodge and Gunther Kress on CDA….…………………..…23

2.8. Norman Fairclough on CDA………………………………………..28

2.9 Tenn Adrianus Van Dijk on CDA…………………………………..32

2.10. Farzaneh Farahzad on CDA………………………………………36

2.10.1 Microlevel ……………………………………………………37

2.10.1.1 Vocabulary………………………………………………37

2.10.1.2 Grammar…………………………………………………38

2.10.1.3 Multimodal Elements……………………………………40

2.10.1.3.1Multimodal Discourse Analysis……………………40

2.10.2. Macrolevel……….………………………………………………………41

Methodology

3.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………44

3.2. Restatement of Research Questions………………………………..44

3.3. Type of Research …………………….…………………………….45

3.4. Corpus ………………………………………………………………45

3.5. Procedure …………………………………………………………..45

3.5.1. Data Collection ………………..………………………………46

3.5.2. Instrument and Data Analysis……….……………………….47

3.5.2.1Microlevel………………………………………………………..47

3.5.2.1.1. Vocabulary…………………………………………47

3.5.2.1.2. Grammar……………………………………………47

3.5.2.1.3. Analyzing the Cover pages…………………………48

3.6.1.3.1. Method of Analyzing Cover pages………………48

3.5.2.2. Macrolevel………………………………………………48

3.5.2.2.1. Analyzing Translators’ Judgments…………………48

3.5.2.2.2. Translation Strategies………………………………49

3.5.3. Data Sheet……………………………………………………..49

Results and Discussions

4.1 Overview ………………………………………………….52

4.2 Microlevel Analysis…………………………………………………52

4.2.1 Vocabulary……………………………………………………..53

4.2.2. Grammar………………………………………………………54

4.2.2.1 Passive Transformation……………………………………57

4.2.3. Cover page Analysis ………………………………………….58

4.2.3.1 Analyzing the Cover Page of “Killing Hope, US Military and CIA Interventions since World War II”…………………………….59

4.2.3.2. Analyzing the Cover Page of ”سرکوب امید، دخالت­های نظامی آمریکا و سازمان سیا از جنگ جهانی دوم به بعد” …………………………………62

4.2.3.3 Analyzing the cover page of “All the Shah’s Men, An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror”…………………64

4.2.3.3 Analyzing the cover page of ” همه­ی مردان شاه، کودتای آمریکایی 28 مرداد و ریشه­های ترور در خاور میانه”……………………………………..66

4.3. Macrolevel……………………………..……………………………68

4.3.1. Translator’s Judgments…………………………….………….68

4.3.2. Translation strategies………………………………..…………72

4.3.2.1 ”Killing Hope, US military and CIA interventions since World War II”…………………………………………………………………………72

4.3.2.1.1 Omission Strategy……………………………………74

4.3.2.1.2 Substitution/ Alteration strategies…………………..77

4.3.2.1.3 Explicitation…………………………………………84

4.3.2.1.4 Mistranslation Strategy………………………………86

4.3.2.1.5 Addition Strategy……………………………………87

4.3.2.1.6 Undertranslation Strategy……………………………89

4.3.2.2 “All the Shah’s Men, An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror”…………………………………………………..…90

4.3.2.2.1 Omission Strategy……………………………………91

4.3.2.2.2 Substitution/ Alteration Strategies……………….…97

4.3.2.2.3 Explicitation Strategy………………………………107

4.3.2.2.4 Addition Strategy………………………………..…109

4.3.2.2.5 Undertranslation Strategy………………………….113

Conclusion

5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………….….116

5.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………..……..117

5.3 Pedagogical Implications………………………………………..…118

5.4 Suggestion for Further Research…………………………………..119

Bibliograghy………………………………………………….………120

 

 

 

List of Tables and Images

Tables:

Table 3.1 sample of verb tables………………………………………….49

Table 3.2 sample of strategy tables……………………………………..50

Table 3.3 sample of each case’s table………………………………..….51

Table 4.1 verbs, types of verbs, and USA and its related words as agent in “Killing Hope, US military and CIA interventions since World War II” and ” “سرکوب امید، دخالت­های نظامی آمریکا و سازمان سیا از جنگ جهانی دوم به بعد………………………………………………………………………..56

Table 4.2 verbs, types of verbs, and USA and Britain and their related words as agents in “All the Shah’s Men, An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror” and “همه­ی مردان شاه، کودتای آمریکایی 28 مرداد و ریشه­های ترور در خاور میانه…………………………………………………61

Table 4.3 strategies applied in the translation of Killing Hope, ”سرکوب امید، دخالت­های نظامی آمریکا و سازمان سیا از جنگ جهانی دوم به بعد” ……………73

Table4.4 …………………………………………………………………74

Table 4.5…………………………………………………………………74

Table 4.6…………………………………………………………………75

Table 4.7…………………………………………………………………75

Table 4.8…………………………………………………………………75

Table 4.9…………………………………………………………………76

Table 4.10……………………………………………………………….77

Table 4.11……………………………………………………………….77

Table 4.12……………………………………………………………….78

Table 4.13……………………………………………………………….79

Table 4.14……………………………………………………………….79

Table 4.15……………………………………………………………….80

Table 4.16……………………………………………………………….80

Table 4.17……………………………………………………………….81

Table 4.18……………………………………………………………….81

Table 4.19……………………………………………………………….82

Table 4.20……………………………………………………………….82

Table 4.21……………………………………………………………….83

Table 4.22……………………………………………………………….84

Table 4.23……………………………………………………………….84

Table 4.24……………………………………………………………….85

Table 4.25……………………………………………………………….86

Table 4.26……………………………………………………………….86

Table 4.27……………………………………………………………….87

Table 4.28……………………………………………………………….88

Table 4.29……………………………………………………………….88

Table 4.30……………………………………………………………….89

Table 4.31……………………………………………………………….90

Table 4.32……………………………………………………………….91

Table 4.33……………………………………………………………….92

Table 4.34……………………………………………………………….92

Table 4.35……………………………………………………………….93

Table 4.36……………………………………………………………….96

Table 4.37……………………………………………………………….96

Table 4.38……………………………………………………………….97

Table 4.39……………………………………………………………….98

Table 4.40……………………………………………………………….99

Table 4.41……………………………………………………………….99

Table 4.42………………………………………………………………100

Table 4.43………………………………………………………………100

Table 4.44………………………………………………………………101

Table 4.45………………………………………………………………101

Table 4.46………………………………………………………………101

Table 4.47………………………………………………………………102

Table 4.48………………………………………………………………102

Table 4.49………………………………………………………………103

Table 4.50………………………………………………………………103

Table 4.51………………………………………………………………104

Table 4.52………………………………………………………………104

Table 4.53………………………………………………………………105

Table 4.54………………………………………………………………105

Table 4.55………………………………………………………………106

Table 4.56………………………………………………………………106

Table 4.57………………………………………………………………107

Table 4.58………………………………………………………………108

Table 4.59………………………………………………………………108

Table 4.60………………………………………………………………109

Table 4.61………………………………………………………………109

Table 4.62………………………………………………………………110

Table 4.63………………………………………………………………110

Table 4.64………………………………………………………………111

Table 4.65………………………………………………………………111

Table 4.66………………………………………………………………113

Table 4.67………………………………………………………………113

Table 4.68………………………………………………………………114

Table 4.69………………………………………………………………114

Images

Image 4.1 cover page of “Killing Hope”………………………………..59

Image 4.2- Cover Page of “سرکوب امید”………………………………….62

Image 4.3- Cover Page of “All the Shah’s Men”………………………..64

Image 4.4- cover page of ” همه­ی مردان شاه”………………………………66

List of Abbreviations:

CDA: Critical Discourse Analysis

CL: Critical Linguistics

ST: Source Text

TS: Translation Studies

TT: Target Text

10

1.7. Limitation and Delimitation of the Study 10

CHAPTER II: Review of the Related Literature12

2.0. Overview 13

2.1. Critical Pedagogy 13

2.1.1. Pedagogical Approach in Critical Pedagogy 16

2.1.2. Critical Pedagogy and Educational Process 21

2.1.3. Critical Pedagogy and the Teachers’ Role 24

2.1.4. Critical Pedagogy and Teacher Success 27

2.1.5. Curriculum in CP 30

2.2. Pre-service teacher 31

2.2.1. The difficult and stimulating tasks of pre-service teacher training 33

2.2.2. Advancing ELT teachers for future and Critical Pedagogy 35

CHAPTER III: Methodology 41

3.0. Overview 42

3.1. Setting and Participants 42

3.2. Instruments 43

3.2.1. Critical Pedagogy Attitude Questionnaire 43

3.2.2IELTS (International English Language Testing System) 45

3.3. Procedure 45

3.3.1. Data Collection 45

3.3.2. Data Analysis 46

3.4. Ethical Considerations 46

CHAPTER IV: Results and Discussion48

4.0. Overview 49

4.1. Main Results 49

4.2. Discussion 54

CHAPTER V: Conclusion and Recommendations57

5.0. Overview 58

5.1. Summary 58

5.2. Brief Overview of the Findings 59

5.3. Theoretical and Pedagogical Implications 60

5.4. Suggestions for Further Research 61

REFERENCES62

 

APPENDIXES74

Appendix A: Critical Pedagogy Attitude Questionnaire 75

Appendix B: The Female Group with IELTS Band Score 6 77

Appendix C: The Female Group with IELTS Band Score 5 79

Appendix D: The Female Group with IELTS Band Score 6 81

Appendix E: The Female Group with IELTS Band Score 5 82

List of Tables

Table 3.1: Participants’ Characteristics 44

Table 3.2: Reliability Coefficient 44

Table 4.1: Stastistical Description Critical Pedagogy Attitude Questionnaire and total Band Scores, 6 and 5, of IELTS proficiency test 49

Table 4.2: One Sample Kolmogorov- Smirnov Test 50

Table 4.3: Group Statistics between IELTS Band Scores 51

Table 4.4: Independent Samples T-Test between Critical Pedagogy Attitude Questionnaire and total Band Scores, 6 and 5, of IELTS proficiency test 51

Table 4.5: Group Statistics between Male Group and Female Group 52

Table 4.6: Independent Samples T-Test between Critical Pedagogy Attitude Questionnaire and Gender Difference 52

Table 4.7: Effect Size 53

Table 5.1: The Brief Overview of All Independent Samples Test 60

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER I

Introduction

1.1. Overview

Freire (1970) Critical Pedagogy can be analyzed in many fields of study.

In this respect, Critical Pedagogy (CP) announced to be the way to analyze, education including English Language Teaching (ELT), a new dimension, which has the interaction of social and political elements to holds the view which education is not impartial, and it both affects and is affected by the social and political elements (Freire, 1970).

Critical pedagogy tries to face students with more aims of education to make autonomous students; it is stated that learners acquire their own voice to participate critically in their own processing; that is, confident learners are capable of critiquing learning problems and begin to seek even instruction in their classrooms _what will we have to act in a society in the future?(Freire, 1970).

Recently, ELT researchers try to administer the view of CP to study language learning and acquisition; that is, they are looking for utilizing this social and political theory in assisting teaching as a component of education.

Therefore, they are starting to understand the sociopolitical elements with the represent of the critical viewpoint many scholars in ELT industry as uncovering the hidden aim of scholars’ thoughts and ideologies (Freire, 1970).

Critical theory is interested in the concepts of human beings and the relations between them such as cultural, economic, political, and the power to influence people’s behavior or course of events (Freire, 1973).

Through enabling convert of life requirements, a philosopher of critical theory agrees on satisfying free oppressed members of a race religion or culture (Freire, 1973).

Also, according to Freire (1970), utilizing the body of bases belonging to critical subjects is the main source in language teaching and learning.

Thus, Pre-service teacher education may take advantage of Critical Pedagogy to provide professional ELT teachers before the real actual teaching (Schon, 1996).

A main disclosure during such critical education theory can be the practical section of a course of study when the pre-service teachers are trained to face their students’ critical thoughts within multiple school settings (beginning to advanced courses) (Schon, 1996).

According to Schon(1996), the pre-service teachers will be had the chance to improve their skills through classroom curriculum, teaching lessons, and lesson plans to allow Critical Pedagogy is run.

Therefore, this consoled and vital aspect is the main component of any course, such as ELT courses, to be assigned in curriculums.

Also, because of the viewpoint of critical pedagogy, teachers are capable of bearing the task of questioning the inappropriate curriculums to assist their own learners in language processing, for example (Canagarajah, 1999).

According to Hall (1995), socio-historical and political elements are parts of ELT components which are related to the theory of language learning and teaching in social characteristics of learners.

It seems that Critical Pedagogy is able to gain the momentum to come from a huge amount of experiment to create conditions to help learners in recent years. In spite of acquiring multiple researchers in this area from the past and recent years, it seems that a few papers could target the main and vital characters of Critical Pedagogy in ELT.

Thus, the present study tries to bright a major theme in CP including teacher, for example, in CP. However, Okazaki (2005) argued that classrooms are far removed from conditions which deal with historical and social aspects.

Critical theory face the view of a society in which people require to control political, economic, and cultural aspects of their lives(Kincheloe, 2005).

Critical Pedagogy may be the approach to assist language teachers, for example, to concern the power of learners’ relations with the processed language and their society which they live. Critical Pedagogy (CP) is a start to deal with in a certain way of language teaching and learning.

Kincheloe (2005) believed that converting connections between people or groups of abilities which are depressing leads to depression among the people. CP seeks to give human qualities to learning (Kincheloe, 2005).

Likewise, according to Kincheloe (2005), advocates of critical theory assume that these aims are satisfied only through liberating unsuccessful learners to empower their abilities to change their educational conditions.

The main assumption of Critical Pedagogy is with criticizing the educational context in societies. As Gor (2005) puts it, the main goals of Critical Pedagogy are conscious raising and rejecting any signs of discrimination against people in any field.

Therefore, this theory seeks to help unsuccessful learners, for example, to save them from being objects of acquisition to subjects of their own autonomy in learning.

With this respect, learners are able to change their societies via appropriate education; that is, it is done through problem solving, surveying the problematic subjects in learners’ lives, and developing a critical awareness to assist learners to improve their educational conditions because it is important to take appropriate actions to structure and equitable society (Gor, 2005). Thus, it is crystal clear that Critical Pedagogy face any inappropriate dominations with the goal of assisting unsuccessful people to achieve their demands.

Moreover, “language learning theory, and teaching should focus on larger socio-historical and political forces which reside in the social identities of people who use them” (as cited in Aliakbari1 & Faraji, 2011, p. 78). However, Okazaki (2005) claimed that most teachers ignore historical and social conditions of their classrooms.

According to Okazaki (2005), as a consequence, researchers advocating examining socio-historical and political aspects of language learning (Benesch, 2001; Canagarajah, 1999, 2002; Morgan 1998). They recommended an optional access – critical pedagogy- which some researchers mentioned it.

It may be the main organ of language pedagogy (Aliakbari1 & Faraji, 2011). It is wondered to see that Critical Pedagogy has increased in impetus recently; therefore, some substantiation come from a lot of researches about CP to accept this claim.

Byean (2011) claimed that Critical Pedagogy mainly supports teachers to investigate English language in relation to the historical and cultural issues.

However, English teachers must understand ELT with more judgmental minds; furthermore, Critical Pedagogy may encourage English teachers to obtainthe role of English to clarify how ELT is affected with the procreation of social unfairness in distinctive backgrounds (Byean, 2011).

In fact, critical theory was the point of commencement for Critical Pedagogy (Aliakbari1 & Faraji, 2011).

The main interest of Critical Pedagogy is the act of giving an evaluation of good and bad qualities for schooling in an economic system based on competition between businesses and societies (Aliakbari1 & Faraji, 2011).

Moreover, the main purposes of Critical Pedagogy “are awareness raising and rejection of violation and discrimination against people” (as cited in Aliakbari1 & Faraji, 2011, p. 77).

1.2.1. Research Questions

1.3. Literature Review

1.4. Thesis Outline

1.5. Methodology and Approach

1.6. Motivation and Delimitation

1.7. Definition of Key Terms

Chapter 2: The Postmodern Theory of Jean-François Lyotard

2.1. Jean-François Lyotard

2.2. The Postmodernist Movement

2.3. Early Marxist Activities

2.4. The Pragmatics of Knowledge

2.5. Modern Criteria of Legitimation

2.6. Postmodern Criteria of Legitimation

2.7. The development of Capitalist System

2.8. The Semiotics and the Linguistic Based Culture

2.9. The Postmodern Self (Social Subject)

2.10. The Complementary Approaches of Baudrillard and Foucault

Chapter 3: Language Games

3.1. Studying Capitalism, Power, Language Game and Reality in “Thanasphere”

3.1.1 Synopsis

3.1.2 Commentary

3.2. Studying Capitalism, Reality, Language Game and Power in “Souvenir”

3.2.1 Synopsis

3.2.2 Commentary

3.3. Studying Language Game, Power, Capitalism and Alienation in “The Cruise

of the Jolly Roger”

3.3.1 Synopsis

3.3.2 Commentary

3.4. Studying Capitalism, Disciplinary Power, Language Game and Reality in

“2BR02B”

3.4.1 Synopsis

3.4.2 Commentary

Chapter 4: Grand Narratives

4.1. Studying Grand Narrative, Capitalism and Social Class in “The Package”

4.1.1 Synopsis

4.1.2 Commentary

4.2. Studying Grand Narrative, Capitalism and Performativity in “Poor Little Rich

Town”

4.2.1. Synopsis

4.2.2. Commentary

4.3. Studying Grand Narrative, Capitalism and Commodity in “Custom-Made

Bride”

4.3.1. Synopsis

4.3.2. Commentary

Chapter 5: Conclusion

5.1. Summary

5.2. Findings

5.3. Suggestions for Further Research

Works Cited

Chapter One

Introduction

 

1.1. General Background

Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. (1922-2007) is renowned as a prominent American novelist and essayist. Vonnegut was one of the celebrated writers of post-World War ΙΙ in American literature. He defined himself as an atheist, agnostic and freethinker. The significant characteristic of his writing career is that for the most part in his works he combined satiric social observation and black comedy; also, he utilized surrealist and imaginary elements.

Several of his novels included science fiction themes. Actually, Vonnegut made use of the elements of science fiction and metafiction to direct the reader’s attention to the more serious issues associated with ethics and politics. His simple writing style is deceptive since it misleads the reader from perceiving the tense and unspeakable agony of the individual’s life in the twentieth century.

As a postmodern writer, in his writing Vonnegut employs some specific features; that is, the disorder in the narrative events and disruption of time or mixing past, present and future, blending of different genres, drawing the pictures, symbols or designs in the text, vicious circles and paranoia. In his works the limerick, humorous and jokes are entangled to narrate the serious facts that are really happened in Vonnegut’s lifetime.

The crucial event in Vonnegut’s life which had a profound influence on him and consequently on his writing career could be the firebombing of Dresden, Germany, by Allied armies in 1945, a horrifying happening he witnessed personally as a young captive of war. His understanding in Dresden laid the grounds for his greatest novelSlaughterhouse-Fivepublished in 1969 as an obvious attack on the terrors of war in Vietnam, racial turmoil and cultural and social cataclysm.

Accordingly, there is linkage between Vonnegut’s life and works. War, genocide, environmental determinism, atomic bomb and technological advancement were all engendered in the postmodern epoch. He disapproved the technological science and the political economy. Common themes in Vonnegut’s works consist of the dehumanization resulted by the improvement of technology, Sexuality, fierceness, hopelessness, bewilderment, alienation, insecurity and depression.

Vonnegut was a humanist. He maintained that in the postmodern era the human being is a hapless, lonely, bewildered and desperate victim; he is robbed of his identity and integrity to transform to a totally dependent social subject. In an alien world organized by machines, the individual tries to cope with the forces beyond his control. In his novels Vonnegut compassionately praised the characters who refuse to surrender to despair and defeat.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………IIIACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………….…………………………….IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………V

LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………….……………VIII

LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………….………………….IX

CHAPTER I: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE………………………………1

1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………2

1.2 Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………………………7

1.3 Statement of the Research Question…………………………………….…………………….9

1.4 Statement of the Research Hypothesis…………….………………………………………….10

1.5 Definition of Key Terms………………………………………….………………………….10

1.5.1 Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) ……….………………..…..……….………….10

1.5.2 Reading Comprehension…….…………………………………………………………..10

1.6 Significance of the Study……………………………………………..………………………11

1.7 Limitations and Delimitations …………..……………………………………………….…..12

1.7.1 Limitations……………………………………………………….………………………12

1.7.2 Delimitations……………………………………………………………………………..13

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE………………15

2.1Introduction…………………………………….………..….…..……………………………16

2.2 Reading…………………………………………………………….…………………………16

2.2.1 Models of Reading………………………………………………………………………..17

2.2.2 Components of Reading…………………………………………………………………..19

2.2.3 Foreign Language Reading……………………………………………………………….20

2.3 Reading Comprehension……………………………………………………………………..22

2.3.1 Definitions of Reading Comprehension…………………………………………………..24

2.3.2 Categories of Reading Comprehension………………………………..…………………25

2.3.3 Influential Factors in Reading Comprehension………………………….………………27

2.4 Reading Strategies……………………………………………………………………………28

V

2.4.1 Definitions of Reading Strategies………………………………………………………..30

2.4.2 Categories of Reading Strategies…………………………………………….…………..31

2.4.3 Reading Strategies and Reading Comprehension…………………………..……………32

2.4.4 Reading Strategies Studies in Iran………………………………………….……………35

2.5 Skilled Versus Unskilled Readers……………………………………………………………36

2.6 Collaborative Strategic Reading……………………………………………………………..42

2.6.1 Strategies Used in Collaborative Strategic Reading………………………..……………42

2.6.2 Collaborative Strategic Reading Training………………………………………………..47

2.6.3 Theoretical Background for CSR…………………………………………….…………..54

2.6.4 Studies Related to Collaborative Strategic Reading…………………………..…………62

CHAPTER III: METHOD…………………………….………………………..68

3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………..………………69

3.2 Participants……………………………………………………………………………………69

3.3 Instrumentation………………………………………………………………………………70

3.3.1 Language Proficiency Test Used for Homogenization……………………………….….70

3.3.2 Rating Scales…………………………………………………………..………………….72

3.3.2.1 Writing Rating Scale of PET……………………………………………..………….72

3.3.2.2 Speaking Rating Scale of PET……………………………………………………….72

3.3.3 Pretest……………………………………………………………………………………..72

3.3.4 Post-test …………………………………………………………………………………..73

3.3.5 Material………………………………………………………………………………..….73

3.3.6 Cue Cards………………………………………………………………………………….74

3.3.7 CSR Learning Logs……………………………………………………………………….75

3.3.8 Clunk Cards ………………………………………………………………………………75

3.4 Procedure…………………………………………………………………………….………76

3. 5 Design of the Study………………………………………………………………………….89

3.6 Statistical Analysis……………………………………………………………………………89

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………….91

4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..92

4.2 Participant Selection…………………………………………………………………………92

VI

4.2.1 Descriptive Statistics of the PET Proficiency Test Piloting……………………………..93

4.2.2 Descriptive Statistics of the PET Proficiency Test Administration…………..…………97

4. 3 Dividing the Participants into the Two Groups…………………………………….……….98

4.3.1 Descriptive Statistics of Reading Comprehension Pretest Piloting…………..…………98

4.3.2 Descriptive Statistics of Reading Comprehension Post-test Piloting…………..……….99

4.4 Checking the Normality……………………………………………………………………100

4.5 Pretest of Reading Comprehension Administration……………………………………..…101

4.6 Research Question………………………………………………………………………….103

4.7 Criterion Referenced Validity………………………………………………………………106

4.7.1 K-R 21 Reliability Indices…………………………………………………….………..107

4.8 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………….107

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS..109

5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………110

5.2 Conclusion………………………………………………………………….………………111

5.3 Pedagogical Implications…………………………………………………..……………….111

5.3.1 Implications for EFL Teachers……………………………………………….…………112

5.3.2 Implications for EFL Learners……….………………………………………..…….…113

5.3.3 Implications for EFL Syllabus Designers and Curriculum Developers………….…….113

5.4 Suggestions for Further Research…………………………………………………………..114

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….116

APPENDICES………………………………………………………..…………130

Appendix A: Language Proficiency Test Used for Homogenization (PET)…………..……….

Appendix B: Writing Rating Scale of PET………………………………..……………………

Appendix C: Speaking Rating Scale of PET……………………………………………………

Appendix D: Pretest……………………………………………………………….……………

Appendix E: Post-test…………………………………………………………………………..

Appendix F: Cooperative Learning Group Roles………………………………………………

Appendix G: CSR Learning Log……………………………………………………………….

 

	VII

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Number of Participants in Experimental and Control Groups………..………………69

Table 3.2: Stage 1 of CSR’s Plan for Strategic Reading……………………………..…………..81

Table 3.3: Stage 2 of CSR’s Plan for Strategic Reading…………………………..……………..83

Table 3.4: Stage 3 of CSR’s Plan for Strategic Reading………………………………………….84

Table 3.5: Stage 4 of CSR’s Plan for Strategic Reading……………………………..…………..86

Table 4.1: Descriptive Statistics of the PET Piloting……………………………………………93

Table 4.2: Reliability of the PET Piloting before Deletion of Malfunctioning Items……………94

Table 4.3: Reliability of the PET Piloting after Deletion of 3 Items……………………….……94

Table 4.4: Inter-rater Reliability of the Two Raters in the Piloting of Writing Part 2….….…….95

Table 4.5: Inter-rater Reliability of the Two Raters in the Piloting of Writing Part 3………..….95

Table 4.6: Inter-rater Reliability of the Two Raters in the Piloting of Speaking…………….….96

Table 4.7: Descriptive Statistics of the PET Administration……………………………………97

Table 4.8: Reliability of the PET Administration……………………………………….………97

Table 4.9: Descriptive Statistics of Reading comprehension Pretest Piloting……………..……98

Table 4.10: Reliability of the Reading Comprehension Pretest Piloting…………………..……99

4.11: Descriptive Statistics of the Reading Comprehension Post-test Piloting…………………99

4.12: Reliability of the Reading Comprehension Post-test Piloting……………………………100

Table 4.13: Normality Assumptions……………………………………………………………101

Table 4.14: Descriptive Statistics of Pretest of Reading comprehension by Groups………..…102

Table 4.15: Independentt-test of Pretest of Reading comprehension by Groups…………..….102

Table 4.16: Descriptive Statistics of Post-test of Reading comprehension by Groups…………104

Table 4.17: Independentt-test of Post-test of Reading Comprehension by Groups…………..105

Table 4.18: Pearson Correlation PET with Pretest and Post-test of Reading Comprehension…107

Table 4.19: K-R 21 Reliability Indices…………………………………………………………107

 

 

	VIII

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1: Sample CSR Cue Card…………………………………………………..…………..74

Figure 3. 2: A Sample Clunk Card………………………………………………….……………76

Figure 3. 3: CSR’s Plan for Strategic Reading……………………………………………………80

Figure4. 1: Pretest of Reading Comprehension by Groups………………………….…………103

Figure4.2: Post-test of Reading Comprehension by Groups……………………………………106

 

 

 

 

	IX

 

 

 

CHAPTER I

 

 

 

 

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

 

 

1.1 Introduction

 

Reading is an inseparable part of daily life and the most necessary skill for it. It is a process involving the activation of relevant knowledge and related language skills to accomplish an exchange of information from one person to another. It requires the reader to focus his/her attention on the reading materials and integrate previously acquired knowledge and skill to comprehend what someone else has written (Chastain, 1988, p. 216).

Reading is a receptive skill, similar to listening, during which readers decode the message of the writer and try to recreate it anew (Rashtchi & Keyvanfar, 2010, P. 141). In fact, reading can be seen as a dialogue between the reader and the text or between the reader and the author. During this active involvement, the reader tries to either construct their personal interpretation of the text or get at the author’s original intention.

What has to be noted is that in real life, reading does not happen in a vacuum. It is always done within a social context for a specific reason. We might read to get information on how to do something such as reading a manual, or to learn something like studying our course books. We sometimes read in order to socialize with our friends like reading their email or read in order to organize our daily life matters such as finding the shortest route to a certain destination. Many times we find ourselves reading for pleasure such as reading a novel or browsing the internet. In some situations, we may read for a combination of reasons.

Reading comprehension as the “essence of reading” (Durkin, 1993, P. 4) occurs when a mental concept of meaning is created from the written text. To do this, “The reader extracts and integrates various kinds of information from the text and combines it with what is already known” (Koda, 2005, P. 4).

Effective reading is not something that every individual learns to do (Nunan, 1999, P. 249). Learning to reading is difficult especially for those reading in a second or foreign language (Celce-Murcia, 1979). Since reading is one of the most complex cognitive processes, there are a number of skills that contribute to fluent reading comprehension, and it is especially so in the context of L2 reading (Sepp & Morvay, 2010, p. 9). However, the widespread attention to reading predominantly focuses on early reading instruction, such as phonological awareness, decoding, and word identification instruction (Burns, Griffin, Kuldanek & Snow 1998).

To improve learners’ reading abilities, effective strategies, skills and assistant tools should be carefully considered (Oxford, 1990). The concept of strategy is defined by a number of scholars. Strategies are specific actions, behaviors, steps, or techniques that students (often intentionally) use to improve their progress in developing L2 skills (Oxford, 1990). These strategies can facilitate the internalization, storage, retrieval, or use of the new language. They are tools for the self-directed involvement necessary for developing language skills (Oxford, 1990). Many attempts have been done in order to determine and identify strategies especially influencing in the complex process of reading comprehension. In particular, many researchers have been interested in understanding what good readers typically do or posses while they read (e.g., Block, 1992; Brantmeier, 2002; Burns, Roe, & Ross, 1999; Erten & Topkaya, 2009; Heidari, 2010; Lehr, Osborn, & Hiebert, 2005; Kondo-Brown, 2006).

Interest in reading strategies among ESL/ EFL practitioners to conduct research began in the late 1960s and early 1970s along with various fields such as psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology, and education. Common to most of these streams was a desire to account for differences between “good” and “poor” readers and compare the types of strategies the former group employed which contributed to their successes and distinction.

Singhal (2001) emphasizes the crucial role of reading strategies by stating that, “They are of interest for what they reveal about the way readers manage their interactions with written text, and how these strategies are related to reading comprehension” (p. 78).

Despite using the related strategies in reading, the results of reading from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) showed that many students are still not able to read fluently. There are some reasons behind low reading scores such as lack of phonological awareness, phonics-related skills, not being familiar with and using proper reading strategies fully. It seems that these points were overlooked in most approaches related to teaching reading (Standish, 2005).

As mentioned before, reading is a complex process. So, it seems that using one or two strategies alone is not sufficient for being an effective reader therefore, according to Standish (2005), what is needed is a specific approach consisting of the combination of different strategies that improve reading comprehension. This approach is called “Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR)”.

Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) is proposed by three researchers Klingner, Vaughn, and Schumm in 2001. According to Klingner, Vaughn, and Schumm (as cited in Standish, 2005), CSR was designed to address three important issues in reading instruction. The first, was meeting the needs of the increasingly diverse classrooms in the United States, including English-language learners. Second, CSR provided strategy instruction that increased the students’ comprehension of text and their ability to retain and transfer their new knowledge. Third, CSR was designed to facilitate collaborative, peer-mediated instruction among students in the content area classroom.

It is an assembly of strategies that have been proven through research, to be associated with improved outcomes in reading comprehension. CSR integrates word identification, reciprocal reading, and cooperative learning. Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) is a set of four strategies which struggling readers can use to decode and comprehend as they read content area text as follows:

1. Preview: Before reading, students brainstorm prior knowledge and predict what will be learned.

1. Click and Clunk: Students identify words and word parts that were hard to understand (called “Clunks”). A sequence of “fix-up” is used to decode the “Clunk”. These strategies are: (a) Re-reading the sentence for key ideas; (b) Looking for context clues in the sentences before and after; © Looking for prefixes or suffixes; and (d) Breaking the word apart to find smaller words.

1. Get the Gist: Students learn to ask themselves: what is the most important person, place, or thing? What is the most important idea about the person, place or thing?